Prolog

Gottlob Frege (1848 ~ 1925)
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege invented predicate logic on which Prolog is based

Declarative logic programming language developed in France in the latter half of the 1960s and early 1970s, name is a shortening of "PROgrammation en LOGique" or "Programming in Logic". Unique syntax gives the impression that it is difficult to learn but in actuality it is not more of an effort to learn it any of the classic languages, but programmers used to procedural languages sometimes difficulty getting their heads around the different programming paradigms Prolog has to offer than rank beginner do.

Derivatives of Prolog include primarily constraint logic programming languages such as Prolog IV and ECLiPSE but also hybrids such as the strongly typed Mercury and Visual Prolog and even more alien systems such as Erlang.

History

Alain Colmerauer is the co-inventor of Prolog and the man behind the development of Prolog II, II+, III & IV

Invented in Marseilles, France in 1972 by Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Rousse, the system is a descendant of a natural language machine translation system called Q-systems that Colmerauer started developing in 1968, but prior and parallel to that he alongside Rousse and others connected to the birth of Prolog such as Jean Trudel and Robert Pasero had participated in the "Traduction Automatique de l’Université de Montréal" project in Canada. Initially implemented on an IBM System/360 using Wirth's ALGOL W and PL/360.

Implementations

OS/2

Commercial:

• Arity Prolog
• Az-Prolog
• IBM PROLOG for OS/2 - 16-bit only
• IBM SAA AD/Cycle Prolog/2
• ORISApro (ORISA Software GmbH)
• PDC Prolog
• PMPro Prolog
• Prolog II+
• Quintus Prolog
• SICStus Prolog
• VMV Prolog (Automata Design Associates)
• Visual Prolog
• XPRO (Rational Vision)

Open Source:

• SWI-Prolog

Prolog libraries

• The Prolog Commons - Not all library functions are germane to OS/2 - Open source

DOS

• ALS Prolog - Was Commercial/now open source
• Amzi! Prolog+Logic Server - Commercial
• Aquarius Prolog - Open/Closed source
• Arity Prolog - Commercial
• Az-Prolog - Commercial
• Beta-Prolog - Open Source
• BinProlog - Open source commercial software
• Boizumault Prolog - Open Source
• ESL Prolog-2 - Commercial
• Cogent Prolog Compiler - Commercial
• cu-Prolog - Open Source
• IF/Prolog - Commercial
• LPA Prolog - Commercial
• LPA micro-PROLOG - Commercial
• Logicware MPROLOG - Commercial
• MR Prolog - Commercial
• PDC Prolog - Commercial
• Prolog II - Commercial
• Prolog III - Commercial
• Chalcedony Prolog V/Prolog V-Plus - Commercial
• Prolog-86+- Commercial
• PD Prolog (A.D.A. PD Prolog) - Freeware
• Quintus Prolog - Commercial
• SICStus Prolog - Commercial
• SNI Prolog - Commercial
• Stony Brook Prolog - Aka SB-Prolog - Open source
• Turbo Prolog - Commercial
• VML Prolog - Commercial

Win-OS/2

• ALS Prolog - former commercial/now open source
• Amzi! Logic Explorer - Freeware
• Amzi! Prolog+Logic Server - Commercial
• Arity Prolog - Commercial
• IF/Prolog - Commercial - Discontinued - Contraint ver.
• LPA Prolog - Commercial - Versions up to 4.1 run with Win32s
• Prolog IV - Commercial
• Visual Prolog - Commercial

Java

Commercial:

• Jekejeke Prolog
• JIProlog

Open Source:

• CKI-Prolog - Old but works on Java 1.x on vintage hardware
• DGKS Prolog
• GNU Prolog for Java
• JavaLog - Old but works on Java 1.x on vintage hardware
• Jinni Prolog
• jLog
• jTrolog
• Kernel Prolog - Subset
• Mandarax - Prolog variant, not fully compatible
• Prolog Café - Interpreter and translator
• Prova - Prolog variant, not fully compatible
• Styla - Requires Scala
• tuProlog
• W-Prolog

Utilities

• Prolog4J - Allows Java programs to use native Prolog engines - Open Source

JavaScript

• Prolog in JavaScript - Note sub-set, split into a few pages - Open Source
• Yield Prolog - Sub-set - Open Source

Publications

• Feliks Kluźniak; Stanisław Szpakowicz: Prolog for Programmers - Academic Press 1987, ISBN 0-12-416521-4 [1]
• Michael Spivey: An Introduction to Logic Programming through Prolog - Prentice-Hall 1996, ISBN 0-13-536047-1 [2]
• Patrice Boizumault: The Implementation of Prolog- Translated by Ara M. Djamboulian and Jamal Fattouh - 1993/2014, ISBN 0-691-60939-X
• Fernando C. N. Pereira; Stuart M. Shieber: Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis
• Michael A. Covington; Donald Nute; André Vellino: Prolog Programming in Depth (Second edition) - Prentice-Hall 1997, ISBN 0-13-138645-X

Papers

• Krzysztof R. Apt, Maurizio Gabbrielli and Dino Pedreschi A closer look at declarative interpretations*
• Thinking in states - Parsers & compilers
• David H. D. Warren: Applied Logic - Its use and implementation as a programming tool

Links

• Alain Colmerauer's homepage - Has a cache of historical papers related to Prolog
• Boizumault Prolog Archive on Github - Contains the example Prolog implementations from his book (above)
• The first 10 Prolog Programming Contests
• Documenting large Prolog programs

• Peter Skye: Logic Programming In Native OS/2
• Learn Prolog Now! - Tutorial

• USENET: comp.lang.prolog

• A summary of the 1993 ISO Prolog draft