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[[Image:SuperSimula.gif|right]]
[[Image:SuperSimula.gif|right]]
A family of languages developed in Norway in the 1960's and specifically designed to create simulations in. Supersets of [[Algol 60]], the Simula languages are notable for being the first object oriented languages in the world and being the predecessor to both [[SmallTalk]] and [[C++]], while the object oriented features of Smalltalk over time moved quite a bit away from their Simula origins, C++ retains the object oriented model it inherited in a surprisingly faithful fashion.
A family of languages developed in Norway in the 1960s and specifically designed to create simulations in. Supersets of [[Algol 60]], the Simula languages are notable for being the first object-oriented languages in the world and being the predecessor to both [[Smalltalk]] and [[C++]], while the object-oriented features of Smalltalk over time moved quite a bit away from their Simula origins, C++ retains the object-oriented model it inherited in a surprisingly faithful fashion.


Like so many older programming languages Simula used to be spelled with all caps, or SIMULA, however since the ratification of the Simula 87 standard the convention has been to spell it like any other noun, although when referring to classic versions the all caps convention is commonly used, i.e. SIMULA 66 and so on.
Like so many older programming languages Simula used to be spelled with all caps, or SIMULA, however since the ratification of the Simula 87 standard the convention has been to spell it like any other noun, although when referring to classic versions the all caps convention is commonly used, i.e. SIMULA 66 and so on.
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The project was initiated in 1962 by Kristen Nygaard, and he alongside Ole-Johan Dahl were the main designers of the language, at the time both were working for the Norwegian Computing Center.
The project was initiated in 1962 by Kristen Nygaard, and he alongside Ole-Johan Dahl were the main designers of the language, at the time both were working for the Norwegian Computing Center.


==OS/2 implementations==
==Implementations==
* [[Cim]] - Open source - Discontinued - Simula to C translator
;OS/2 & DOS
* [[PC Simula]] - Commercial - Discontinued
* [[Cim]] - Open source - Simula to C translator
* [[PC Simula]] - Commercial


==DOS implementations==
;Java
* [[Cim]] - Open source - Discontinued - Simula to C translator
* [http://www.kiv.zcu.cz/j-sim/ J-Sim] - Open source - Simula like rather than pure Simula.
* [[PC Simula]] - Commercial - Discontinued - Now freeware


==Java implementations==
==Publications==
* [http://www.kiv.zcu.cz/j-sim/ J-Sim] - Open source - Current - Simula like rather than pure Simula.
*G.M. Birtwistle: ''SIMULA Begin'' - Auerbach 1973, ISBN 91-44-06211-7
*R.J. Pooley: ''An Introduction to Programming in Simula'' - Blackwell Scientific 1987, ISBN 0-632-01611-6
*Bjørn Kirkerud: ''Object-Oriented Programming with Simula'' - Addison-Wesley 1989, ISBN 0-201-17574-6


==Publications==
* [http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~steinkr/papers/HiNC1-webversion-simula.pdf The Birth of Simula] by Stein Krogdahl
* [http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~steinkr/papers/HiNC1-webversion-simula.pdf The Birth of Simula] by Stein Krogdahl
* [http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/Simula/OVERVIEW An old Simula information text file]
* Andrew P. Black: [https://archive.org/details/arxiv-1303.0427 Object-oriented programming: some history, and challenges for the next fifty years]
* Andrew P. Black: [https://archive.org/details/arxiv-1303.0427 Object-oriented programming: some history, and challenges for the next fifty years]
* Jan Rune Holmevik: [http://staff.um.edu.mt/jskl1/simula.html Compiling Simula] - A published article on the history of Simula now available for free on the web.
* Jan Rune Holmevik: [http://staff.um.edu.mt/jskl1/simula.html Compiling Simula] - A published article on the history of Simula
: As above in a [http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/simula/holmevik-simula-ieeeannals94.pdf PDF format], and in a [http://www.piecesdiscount24.fr/edu/?p=10384 French translation].
* Ole-Johan Dahl: ''The Birth of Object Orientation: the Simula Languages''
* Ole-Johan Dahl: [http://www.olejohandahl.info/old/birth-of-oo.pdf The Birth of Object Orientation: the Simula Languages∗] - In [[PDF]] format
: An article on the history of Simula, it is also available in a [http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/fileadmin/template/documents/text/presentation_from_dahl_of%20simula.pdf presentation format] that is a much quicker read.
* A [http://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/s1/jp-on-simula.html list of papers by Jacob Palme] on the subject of Simula.
* A [http://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/s1/jp-on-simula.html list of papers by Jacob Palme] on the subject of Simula.
* Gregory L. Dietrich: [https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/9910 Adapting a portable SIMULA compiler to Perkin-Elmer computers in a UNIX environment] in PDF format - From 1986.
* Gregory L. Dietrich: [https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/9910 Adapting a portable SIMULA compiler to Perkin-Elmer computers in a UNIX environment] in PDF format - From 1986.
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==Links==
==Links==
* [http://www.isima.fr/asu/ The Association of Simula Users] (Aka ASU)
* [http://staff.um.edu.mt/jskl1/asu/index.html Simula info]
* [http://staff.um.edu.mt/jskl1/asu/index.html Simula info]
* [http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~simula/ Simula information page] from the University of Montreal.
* [http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~simula/ Simula information page] from the University of Montreal.
* [http://www.simula67.info/ Simula 67 info]
* [http://www.simula67.info/ Simula 67 info]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508173758/http://www.edelweb.fr/Simula/ An archive of Peter Sylvester's Simula page] - From [[Archive.org]] - This was by far the most comprehensive Simula resource on the internet.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508173758/http://www.edelweb.fr/Simula/ An archive of Peter Sylvester's Simula page] - From [[Archive.org]] - This was by far the most comprehensive Simula resource on the internet.
* [http://folk.uio.no/simula67/index.shtml The Simula Programming Language] - Sundry info
* [https://www.mn.uio.no/tjenester/it/hjelp/programvare/simula/ The Simula Programming Language] - Sundry info


;Tutorials
;Tutorials
* Rob Pooley: [http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~rjp/bookhtml/ An Introduction to Programming in Simula].
* [http://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_simula_online.php TutorialsPoint Simula "IDE"]
* [http://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_simula_online.php TutorialsPoint Simula "IDE"]


==Standards==
==Standards==
* The original paper on SIMULA 67 that most compilers referenced is called [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Simula-CommonBaseLanguage.pdf Common Base Language].
* The original paper on SIMULA 67 that most compilers referenced is called Common Base Language.
* The Simula 86 standard is [http://prosjekt.ring.hibu.no/simula/Standard/index.html reproduced here]
* The Simula 86 standard


[[Category:Programming Languages]] [[Category:Simula]]
[[Category:Programming Languages]] [[Category:Simula]]

Latest revision as of 10:01, 8 June 2025

A family of languages developed in Norway in the 1960s and specifically designed to create simulations in. Supersets of Algol 60, the Simula languages are notable for being the first object-oriented languages in the world and being the predecessor to both Smalltalk and C++, while the object-oriented features of Smalltalk over time moved quite a bit away from their Simula origins, C++ retains the object-oriented model it inherited in a surprisingly faithful fashion.

Like so many older programming languages Simula used to be spelled with all caps, or SIMULA, however since the ratification of the Simula 87 standard the convention has been to spell it like any other noun, although when referring to classic versions the all caps convention is commonly used, i.e. SIMULA 66 and so on.

History

The project was initiated in 1962 by Kristen Nygaard, and he alongside Ole-Johan Dahl were the main designers of the language, at the time both were working for the Norwegian Computing Center.

Implementations

OS/2 & DOS
  • Cim - Open source - Simula to C translator
  • PC Simula - Commercial
Java
  • J-Sim - Open source - Simula like rather than pure Simula.

Publications

  • G.M. Birtwistle: SIMULA Begin - Auerbach 1973, ISBN 91-44-06211-7
  • R.J. Pooley: An Introduction to Programming in Simula - Blackwell Scientific 1987, ISBN 0-632-01611-6
  • Bjørn Kirkerud: Object-Oriented Programming with Simula - Addison-Wesley 1989, ISBN 0-201-17574-6

Links

Tutorials

Standards

  • The original paper on SIMULA 67 that most compilers referenced is called Common Base Language.
  • The Simula 86 standard