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Early and highly influential programming language designed by [[IBM]] in the 1950's, by now primarily used in numerical and scientific computing but on top of the usual inertia and the wide availability of libraries. FORTRAN can produce numerical code that is significantly faster that what you can expect from languages like [[C]] and [[Pascal]] and I/O speed, especially registered I/O is in a whole different league to CPL class languages like C and [[C++]]. While Fortran was a major influence on the European [[Algol]] languages in the late 1950's, things have essentially turned around 180 degrees with all FORTRAN standards since the early 70's being heavily influenced by structured Algol derivatives like Pascal and [[Modula-2]].
Early and highly influential programming language designed by [[IBM]] in the 1950s, by now primarily used in numerical and scientific computing, but on top of the usual inertia and the wide availability of libraries. FORTRAN can produce numerical code that is significantly faster than what you can expect from languages like [[C]] and [[Pascal]] and I/O speed, especially registered I/O is in a whole different league to CPL class languages like C and [[C++]].


Classic FORTRAN is always spelled all caps, [[Fortran 90]] and later however are expected to be formatted as other nouns. We tend to use the older conventions here since only a couple of F90 OS/2 implementations showed up and they did not sell well so the bulk of OS/2 programming has traditionally been done in classic FORTRAN.
While Fortran was a major influence on the European [[Algol]] languages in the late 1950s, things have essentially turned around 180 degrees, with all FORTRAN standards since the early 70s being heavily influenced by structured Algol derivatives like Pascal and [[Modula-2]].
 
Classic FORTRAN is always spelled all caps, [[Fortran 90]] and later however are expected to be formatted as other nouns. We tend to use the older conventions here since only a couple of Fortran 90 OS/2 implementations showed up, and they did not sell well, so the bulk of OS/2 programming has traditionally been done in FORTRAN-77.


==History==
==History==
Developed primarily by John Backus then working from the IBM headquarters on Madison Avenue in New York City, USA and formally introduced as an optional software for the IBM 704 computer in April 1957 even though IBM had shipped versions in 1956. The basic idea behind FORTRAN was for it to resemble common algebra notation as much as possible.
Developed primarily by John Backus then working from the IBM headquarters on Madison Avenue in New York City, USA and formally introduced as an optional software for the IBM 704 computer in April 1957 even though IBM had shipped versions in 1956. The basic idea behind FORTRAN was for it to resemble common algebra notation as much as possible.


===Fortran source code snippets, archives and collections===
*1958: [[FORTRAN II]]
*1962: [[FORTRAN IV]]
*1967: [[FORTRAN 66]] (ANS X3.9-1966)
*1967: Basic FORTRAN (ANS X3.10-1966)
*1978: [[FORTRAN-77]]:X3.9-1978
*1991: [[Fortran 90]]:ISO/IEC 1539:1991
*1997: [[Fortran 95]]:ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997
*2004: [[Fortran 2003]]:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004
*2008: Fortran 2008:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010
 
;Standards bodies
* [http://www.j3-fortran.org/ Fortran Standards Committee homepage] - The home of FORTRAN standardisation since 1966, although usually credited to ANSI the standard is actually developed by "National Committee for Information Technology Standards" (NCITS) nowadays known as "InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards " (INCITS), despite having no presence outside the USA.
 
==Source code snippets==
Small programs or routines that you can integrate into your own programs or study to learn from, but are not delivered in library form.
Small programs or routines that you can integrate into your own programs or study to learn from, but are not delivered in library form.
* Harold Zbiegien's [https://www.mpp.mpg.de/~huber/vmssig/src/FOR/lib_routines/CVT_DATE.FOR date algorithms]
* Harold Zbiegien's date algorithms (CVT_DATE.FOR)


==Publications==
==Publications==
* T. Ellis, et al: ''FORTRAN 77 Programming: with an Introduction to the FORTRAN 90 Standard'' - 1990, ISBN 0-201-41638-7
* John Backus, et al.: ''FORTRAN Automated Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM'' - 1956
 
* [[Bertrand Meyer]]: "Principles of Package Design" - Communications of the ACM 25(7): 419-428 (1982)
 
* Ian Chivers & Jane Sleightholme: [http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-0-85729-233-9 Introduction to Programming with Fortran: With Coverage of Fortran 90, 95, 2003, 2008 and 77] - 2012 - ISBN 978-0-85729-232-2


==Links==
==Links==
* USENET: [news:comp.lang.fortran comp.lang.fortran] - Surprisingly popular
* USENET: [news:comp.lang.fortran comp.lang.fortran] - Surprisingly popular
===Standards===
;FORTRAN to FORTRAN IV
* John Backus, et al: [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/FortranAutomaticCodingSystemForTheIBM704.pdf FORTRAN Automated Coding System For the IBM 704 EDPM] - 1956
* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/F28-8074-3_FORTRANII_GenInf.pdf FORTRAN II General Information Manual] and [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/C28-6054-4_7090_FORTRANII.pdf IBM 7090/7094 Programming Systems: FORTRAN II Programming] are the two documents that defined the FORTRAN II standard - 1963
* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/C28-6274-1_7090_FORTRANIV.pdf IBM 7090/7094 Programming Systems: FORTRAN IV Language] - 1963 and [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/GC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf IBM System 360 and System 370 FORTRAN IV Language] - 1974 are the two main documents relating to FORTRAN IV, although the ANSI66 standard had been released FORTRAN IV remained the de facto standard until well after ANSI77 was released.
;FORTRAN66
* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf ANSI FORTRAN66 Standard] - 1967 - Basically a rubber stamping of FORTRAN IV with some clarifications.
;Fortran 90
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=50459 Fortran90] - 1991 - There are no draft versions available for download.
* There were three sets of corrections, clarifications and minor additions to the Fortran90 standard published in [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f90/Corrigendum_1.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1], [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f90/Corrigendum_2.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 2] and [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f90/Corrigendum_3.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 3].
* ISO also published [http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/Guidelines_for_Bindings-a.html Guidelines for Bindings to Fortran 90]
* The UK MET Office published the [http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/nwp/numerical/fortran90/f90_standards.html European Standards For Writing and Documenting Exchangeable Fortran 90 Code]. (MET = Meteorological BTW)
;Fortran95
* [http://j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/007/97-007r2/pdf/97-007r2.pdf Fortran95] - 1997 Draft standard
* There were two sets of corrections, clarifications and minor additions to the Fortran95 standard published in [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f95/Corrigendum_1.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1] and [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f95/Corrigendum_2.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 2].
;Fortran 2003
* [ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1601-N1650/N1601.pdf.gz Draft Fortran2003 standard] - See also [http://www.futa.edu.ng/materials/FORTRANTEXT.pdf Fortran2003 handbook]
;Fortran 2008
* [ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1801-N1850/N1830.pdf Draft Fortran2008] - Minor revision of 2003
* [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/links/010.pdf Workplan for Fortran2015]
;Fortran MP
Extensions to FORTRAN77, 90 and 95 to support programming multi-processor machines, the v4 also supports Fortran2003
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/fspec10.pdf OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface - Version 1.0] - 1997
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/fspec11.pdf OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface - Version 1.1] - 1999 - Includes previously published errata and interpretations to the 1.0 standard
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/fspec20.pdf OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface - Version 2.0] - 2000
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/ferrata20.html Errata for OpenMP 2.0]
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec25.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 2.5] - 2005
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 3.0] - 2008
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP3.1.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 3.1] - 2011
* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP4.0.0.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 4.0.0] - 2013
* [http://openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP_Examples_4.0.1.pdf OpenMP Examples 4.0.1]
;Standards bodies
* [http://www.j3-fortran.org/ Fortran Standards Committee homepage] - The home of FORTRAN standardisation since 1966, although usually credited to ANSI the standard is actually developed by "National Committee for Information Technology Standards" (NCITS) nowadays known as "InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards " (INCITS), despite having no presence outside the USA.
* [http://openmp.org OpenMP] - Standards body for the Fortran MP variants.


[[Category:Programming Languages]] [[Category:FORTRAN]]
[[Category:Programming Languages]] [[Category:FORTRAN]]

Latest revision as of 18:27, 6 April 2025

Early and highly influential programming language designed by IBM in the 1950s, by now primarily used in numerical and scientific computing, but on top of the usual inertia and the wide availability of libraries. FORTRAN can produce numerical code that is significantly faster than what you can expect from languages like C and Pascal and I/O speed, especially registered I/O is in a whole different league to CPL class languages like C and C++.

While Fortran was a major influence on the European Algol languages in the late 1950s, things have essentially turned around 180 degrees, with all FORTRAN standards since the early 70s being heavily influenced by structured Algol derivatives like Pascal and Modula-2.

Classic FORTRAN is always spelled all caps, Fortran 90 and later however are expected to be formatted as other nouns. We tend to use the older conventions here since only a couple of Fortran 90 OS/2 implementations showed up, and they did not sell well, so the bulk of OS/2 programming has traditionally been done in FORTRAN-77.

History

Developed primarily by John Backus then working from the IBM headquarters on Madison Avenue in New York City, USA and formally introduced as an optional software for the IBM 704 computer in April 1957 even though IBM had shipped versions in 1956. The basic idea behind FORTRAN was for it to resemble common algebra notation as much as possible.

Standards bodies
  • Fortran Standards Committee homepage - The home of FORTRAN standardisation since 1966, although usually credited to ANSI the standard is actually developed by "National Committee for Information Technology Standards" (NCITS) nowadays known as "InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards " (INCITS), despite having no presence outside the USA.

Source code snippets

Small programs or routines that you can integrate into your own programs or study to learn from, but are not delivered in library form.

  • Harold Zbiegien's date algorithms (CVT_DATE.FOR)

Publications

  • John Backus, et al.: FORTRAN Automated Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM - 1956

Links

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