FORTRAN: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:27, 6 April 2025

Early and highly influential programming language designed by IBM in the 1950s, by now primarily used in numerical and scientific computing, but on top of the usual inertia and the wide availability of libraries. FORTRAN can produce numerical code that is significantly faster than what you can expect from languages like C and Pascal and I/O speed, especially registered I/O is in a whole different league to CPL class languages like C and C++.

While Fortran was a major influence on the European Algol languages in the late 1950s, things have essentially turned around 180 degrees, with all FORTRAN standards since the early 70s being heavily influenced by structured Algol derivatives like Pascal and Modula-2.

Classic FORTRAN is always spelled all caps, Fortran 90 and later however are expected to be formatted as other nouns. We tend to use the older conventions here since only a couple of Fortran 90 OS/2 implementations showed up, and they did not sell well, so the bulk of OS/2 programming has traditionally been done in FORTRAN-77.

History

Developed primarily by John Backus then working from the IBM headquarters on Madison Avenue in New York City, USA and formally introduced as an optional software for the IBM 704 computer in April 1957 even though IBM had shipped versions in 1956. The basic idea behind FORTRAN was for it to resemble common algebra notation as much as possible.

1958: FORTRAN II
1962: FORTRAN IV
1967: FORTRAN 66 (ANS X3.9-1966)
1967: Basic FORTRAN (ANS X3.10-1966)
1978: FORTRAN-77:X3.9-1978
1991: Fortran 90:ISO/IEC 1539:1991
1997: Fortran 95:ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997
2004: Fortran 2003:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004
2008: Fortran 2008:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010

Standards bodies

Fortran Standards Committee homepage - The home of FORTRAN standardisation since 1966, although usually credited to ANSI the standard is actually developed by "National Committee for Information Technology Standards" (NCITS) nowadays known as "InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards " (INCITS), despite having no presence outside the USA.

Source code snippets

Small programs or routines that you can integrate into your own programs or study to learn from, but are not delivered in library form.

Harold Zbiegien's date algorithms (CVT_DATE.FOR)

Publications

John Backus, et al.: FORTRAN Automated Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM - 1956

Links

USENET: comp.lang.fortran - Surprisingly popular

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-Early and highly influential programming language designed by [[IBM]] in the 1950's, by now primarily used in numerical and scientific computing but on top of the usual inertia and the wide availability of libraries, FORTRAN can produce numerical code that is significantly faster that what you can expect from languages like [[C]] and [[Pascal]]. While Fortran was a major influence on the European [[Algol]] languages in the late 1950's, things have essentially turned around 180 degrees with all FORTRAN standards since the early 70's being heavily influenced by structured Algol derivatives like Pascal and [[Modula-2]].
+Early and highly influential programming language designed by [[IBM]] in the 1950s, by now primarily used in numerical and scientific computing, but on top of the usual inertia and the wide availability of libraries. FORTRAN can produce numerical code that is significantly faster than what you can expect from languages like [[C]] and [[Pascal]] and I/O speed, especially registered I/O is in a whole different league to CPL class languages like C and [[C++]].
-Classic FORTRAN is always spelled all caps, Fortran 90 and later however are expected to be formatted as other nouns. We tend to use the older conventions here since only a couple of F90 OS/2 implementations showed up and they did not sell well so the bulk of OS/2 programming has traditionally been done in classic FORTRAN.
+While Fortran was a major influence on the European [[Algol]] languages in the late 1950s, things have essentially turned around 180 degrees, with all FORTRAN standards since the early 70s being heavily influenced by structured Algol derivatives like Pascal and [[Modula-2]].
-==A list of OS/2 implementations of FORTRAN==
+Classic FORTRAN is always spelled all caps, [[Fortran 90]] and later however are expected to be formatted as other nouns. We tend to use the older conventions here since only a couple of Fortran 90 OS/2 implementations showed up, and they did not sell well, so the bulk of OS/2 programming has traditionally been done in FORTRAN-77.
-* [[GNU Fortran]] - Open source - Discontinued
+==History==
-* [[IBM Fortran/2]] - Commercial - Discontinued
+Developed primarily by John Backus then working from the IBM headquarters on Madison Avenue in New York City, USA and formally introduced as an optional software for the IBM 704 computer in April 1957 even though IBM had shipped versions in 1956. The basic idea behind FORTRAN was for it to resemble common algebra notation as much as possible.
-* [[IBM Personal Fortran]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[IBM Professional Fortran]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[Microsoft FORTRAN77]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[NAS Fortran 90+]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[NDP Fortran 90]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[Open Watcom|Open Watcom FORTRAN 77]] - Open Source - Current
-* [[Prospero FORTRAN 77]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-====Libraries and bindings====
+*1958: [[FORTRAN II]]
-*
+*1962: [[FORTRAN IV]]
-====OS/2 text & programmers editors with FORTRAN support====
+*1967: [[FORTRAN 66]] (ANS X3.9-1966)
-* [[Boxer]] - FORTRAN syntax support included by default - Commercial - Discontinued.
+*1967: Basic FORTRAN (ANS X3.10-1966)
-* [[BRIEF]] - FORTRAN syntax support included by default - Commercial - Discontinued.
+*1978: [[FORTRAN-77]]:X3.9-1978
-* [[Elvis]] - FORTRAN syntax support included by default - Open source - Current
+*1991: [[Fortran 90]]:ISO/IEC 1539:1991
-* [[Enhanced Editor]] - Has FORTRAN 90 syntax highlighting built in with some auto-formatting features.
+*1997: [[Fortran 95]]:ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997
-* [[FTE]] - Has support for syntax highlighting, code folding and syntax-aware autoindent. - Open source - Current
+*2004: [[Fortran 2003]]:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004
-* [[jEdit]] - Java editor
+*2008: Fortran 2008:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010
-* [[MED]]
-* [[Visual Slick Edit]]
-==A list of DOS implementations of FORTRAN==
+;Standards bodies
-* [http://www.nomdo.dds.nl/bcf.zip BC Fortran] - Freeware - Discontinued
+* [http://www.j3-fortran.org/ Fortran Standards Committee homepage] - The home of FORTRAN standardisation since 1966, although usually credited to ANSI the standard is actually developed by "National Committee for Information Technology Standards" (NCITS) nowadays known as "InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards " (INCITS), despite having no presence outside the USA.
-* [http://www.netlib.org/f2c/ F2C] - Open Source - Discontiued - Fortran to C translator.
-* [[GNU Fortran]] - Open source - Discontinued
-* [[SuperSoft FORTRAN]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[Microsoft FORTRAN77]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-* [[Open Watcom|Open Watcom FORTRAN 77]] - Open Source - Current
-* [[Prospero FORTRAN 77]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-====DOS FORTRAN database bindings====
-* [[Empress]] - Commercial - Discontinued
-====DOS text & programmers editors with FORTRAN support====
-* [[Boxer]] - FORTRAN syntax support included by default - Commercial - Discontinued.
-* [[BRIEF]] - FORTRAN syntax support included by default - Commercial - Discontinued.
-* [[Elvis]] - FORTRAN syntax support included by default - Open source - Current
-* [[FTE]] - Has support for syntax highlighting, code folding and syntax-aware autoindent. - Open source - Current
-==A list of FORTRAN implementations that run under WinOS/2==
+==Source code snippets==
-* [[Microsoft FORTRAN77]] - Commercial - Discontinued
+Small programs or routines that you can integrate into your own programs or study to learn from, but are not delivered in library form.
-* [[Prospero FORTRAN 77]] - Commercial - Discontinued - 16 bit development possible by cross-compiling from DOS or OS/2 with an optional library/linker package.
+* Harold Zbiegien's date algorithms (CVT_DATE.FOR)
-==A list of FORTRAN implementations that run under Java==
-* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/f2j/ F2J] Open source - Current
-==A list of  FORTRAN implementations in JavaScript==
-*
 ==Publications==
-* T. Ellis, et al: FORTRAN 77 Programming: with an Introduction to the FORTRAN 90 Standard  - 1990 - ISBN: 0201416387 - Out of print.
+* John Backus, et al.: ''FORTRAN Automated Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM'' - 1956
-====External articles====
-* Jeanne Adams: [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/zine/96/spring/articles/3.f90-century.html Fortran evolving into the next century] - Explains some of the changes from Fortran90 to Fortran95.
-* A.G. Buckley: [ftp://ftp.ill.eu/pub/f90/f77_to_f90.ps Conversion to Fortran 90: A Case Study]
-====Tutorials and other learning material====
-* [http://www2.ph.ed.ac.uk/~playfer/f77_tut.html Programming in FORTRAN77]
-* Tanja van Mourik: [http://www-eio.upc.edu/lceio/manuals/Fortran95-manual.pdf The Fortran 90/95 Manual]
-* [https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/its/info/guides/47AdvancedFortran.pdf Advanced Fortran 90/95 Programming] by University of Durham Information Technology Service
-* Clive Page: [http://www.star.le.ac.uk/~cgp/f90course/f90.html Fortran90 for Fortran77 Programmers]
-* Rob Davies, Alan Rea and Dimitris Tsaptsinos: [http://www.uv.es/dogarcar/man/IntrFortran90.pdf Introduction to Fortran 90; An introduction Course for Novice Programmers; Student Notes]
-* Timothy H. Kaiser: [http://www.sdsc.edu/~tkaiser/f90.html Advanced Fortran90]
 ==Links==
-====USENET====
+* USENET: [news:comp.lang.fortran comp.lang.fortran] - Surprisingly popular
-* [news:comp.lang.fortran comp.lang.fortran] - Surprisingly popular - Go to the [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.lang.fortran Google groups version] if you are newsgroup challenged.
-==Standards==
-====FORTRAN to FORTRAN IV====
-* John Backus, et al: [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/FortranAutomaticCodingSystemForTheIBM704.pdf FORTRAN Automated Coding System For the IBM 704 EDPM] - 1956
-* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/F28-8074-3_FORTRANII_GenInf.pdf FORTRAN II General Information Manual] and [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/C28-6054-4_7090_FORTRANII.pdf IBM 7090/7094 Programming Systems: FORTRAN II Programming] are the two documents that defined the FORTRAN II standard - 1963
-* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/C28-6274-1_7090_FORTRANIV.pdf IBM 7090/7094 Programming Systems: FORTRAN IV Language] - 1963 and [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/GC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf IBM System 360 and System 370 FORTRAN IV Language] - 1974 are the two main documents relating to FORTRAN IV, although the ANSI66 standard had been released FORTRAN IV remained the de facto standard until well after ANSI77 was released.
-====FORTRAN66 & FORTRAN77====
-* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf ANSI FORTRAN66 Standard] - 1967 - Basically a rubber stamping of FORTRAN IV with some clarifications.
-* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1978-Fortran77.pdf ANSI FORTRAN77 Standard] - 1978
-* [ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/ARCHIVE/mil_std_1753.html MILITARY STANDARD 1753] - USA Department of Defence supplement To FORTRAN77 - 1978 - Not supported by many compilers.
-* [http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/ctg/fortran_form.htm FIPS test suite for FORTRAN78] - Free validation suite
-====Fortran 90====
-* [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=50459 Fortran90] - 1991 - There are no draft versions avaialable for download.
-* There were three sets of corrections, clarifications and minor additions to the Fortran90 standard published in [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f90/Corrigendum_1.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1], [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f90/Corrigendum_2.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 2] and [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f90/Corrigendum_3.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 3].
-* ISO also published [http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/Guidelines_for_Bindings-a.html Guidelines for Bindings to Fortran 90]
-* The UK MET Office published the [http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/nwp/numerical/fortran90/f90_standards.html European Standards For Writing and Documenting Exchangeable Fortran 90 Code]. (MET = Meteorological BTW)
-====Fortran95====
-* [http://j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/007/97-007r2/pdf/97-007r2.pdf Fortran95] - 1997 Draft standard
-* There were two sets of corrections, clarifications and minor additions to the Fortran95 standard published in [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f95/Corrigendum_1.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1] and [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/006/f95/Corrigendum_2.pdf TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 2].
-====Fortran20xx====
-* [ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1601-N1650/N1601.pdf.gz Draft Fortran2003 standard] - See also [http://www.futa.edu.ng/materials/FORTRANTEXT.pdf Fortran2003 handbook]
-* [ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1801-N1850/N1830.pdf Draft Fortran2008] - Minor revision of 2003
-* [http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/links/010.pdf Workplan for Fortran2015]
-====Fortran MP====
-Extensions to FORTRAN77, 90 and 95 to support programming multi-processor machines, the v4 also supports Fortran2003
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/fspec10.pdf OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface - Version 1.0] - 1997
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/fspec11.pdf OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface - Version 1.1] - 1999 - Includes previously published errata and interpretations to the 1.0 standard
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/fspec20.pdf OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface - Version 2.0] - 2000
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/ferrata20.html Errata for OpenMP 2.0]
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec25.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 2.5] - 2005
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 3.0] - 2008
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP3.1.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 3.1] - 2011
-* [http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP4.0.0.pdf OpenMP Application Program Interface - Version 4.0.0] - 2013
-* [http://openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP_Examples_4.0.1.pdf OpenMP Examples 4.0.1]
-====Standards bodies====
-* [http://www.j3-fortran.org/ Fortran Standards Committee homepage] - The home of FORTRAN standardisation since 1966, although usually credited to ANSI the standard is actually developed by "National Committee for Information Technology Standards" (NCITS) nowadays known as "InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards " (INCITS), despite having no presence outside the USA.
-* [http://openmp.org OpenMP] - Standards body for the Fortran MP variants.
-==FORTRAN History==
-* Developed primarily by John Backus then working from the IBM headquarters on Madison Avenue in New York City, USA and formally introduced as an optional software for the IBM 704 computer in April 1957 even though IBM had shipped versions in 1956. The basic idea behind FORTRAN was for it to resemble common algebra notation as much as possible.
 [[Category:Programming Languages]] [[Category:FORTRAN]]