DDDR/2 - Glossary

This glossary contains terms and definitions that are, for the most part, used for OS/2 products. This is not a complete dictionary of computer terms.

Introduction
This glossary defines many of the terms used in this book. It includes terms and definitions from the IBM Dictionary of Computing, as well as terms specific to the Presentation Manager, but it is not a complete glossary for OS/2.

Other primary sources for these definitions are:
 * The American National Standard Dictionary for Information Systems, ANSI X3.172-1990, copyrighted 1990 by the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036. These definitions are identified by the symbol (A) after the definition.
 * The Information Technology Vocabulary, developed by Subcommittee 1, Joint Technical Committee 1, of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC1). Definitions of published parts of this vocabulary are identified by the symbol (I) after the definition; definitions taken from draft international standards, committee drafts, and working papers being developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC1 are identified by the symbol (T) after the definition, indicating that final agreement has not yet been reached among the participating National Bodies of SC1.

A

 * ABIOS:Advanced BIOS. See BIOS.
 * accumulator
 * 1) A register in which one operand of an operation can be stored and subsequently replaced by the result of that operation. (T)
 * 2) In the IBM 3800 Printing Subsystem Models 3 and 8, a feature that supplies a separate storage that can hold data in raster form. It can be used either for composing a sheet of data that combines a large amount of variable and constant data, or for storing an electronic overlay in raster form that will be merged with variable data as the sheet is printed.
 * access permission:All access rights a user has regarding an object. (I)
 * adapter:A piece of hardware that modifies the system unit to allow it to operate in a particular way, often by connecting the system unit to an external device such as a video monitor.
 * adapter device driver:A device driver that provides hardware-dependent services for an OEM adapter.
 * address space
 * 1) The range of addresses available to a program. (A)
 * 2) The area of virtual storage available for a particular job.
 * all points addressable (APA):In computer graphics, pertaining to the ability to address and display or not display each picture element (pel) on a display surface.
 * anchor block:An area of the internal resources of OS/2 Presentation Manager which is allocated to a process or thread that calls WinInitialize.
 * anchor point:The position or choice from which selection or deselection is extended.
 * APA:All points addressable.
 * API:Application programming interface.
 * application programming interface (API):A functional interface supplied by the operating system, or by a separately-orderable licensed program, that allows an application program written in a high-level language to use specific data or functions of the operating system or the licensed program.
 * archive flag:In the OS/2 operating system, a flag of files and directories that the operating system uses to determine which files are new or modified. Files with this flag are included when a backup copy is made or when all the files are restored on a hard disk. See flag.
 * area:In computer graphics, a filled shape such as a solid rectangle.
 * ASCIIZ:A string of ASCII characters that is terminated with a byte containing the value 0.
 * aspect ratio
 * 1) The ratio of the height of a rectangle to its width. A rectangle of width 10 inches and height 5 inches has an aspect ratio of 10/5 or 2.
 * 2) On a display screen, the ratio of the maximum length of a display line to the maximum length of a display column.
 * asynchronous (ASYNC)
 * 1) Pertaining to two or more processes that do not depend upon the occurrence of specific events such as common timing signals. (T)
 * 2) Without regular time relationship; unexpected or unpredictable with respect to the execution of program instructions.
 * atom:A constant that represents a string. Once a string has been defined as an atom, the atom can be used in place of the string to save space. Strings are associated with their respective atoms in an atom table. See integer atom.
 * atom table:A table used to associate atoms with the strings that they represent. This table contains the mechanism by which the presence of a string can be verified.
 * AVIO:Advanced Video Input/Output

B

 * background color:The color assigned to a background image.
 * background mix:An attribute that determines how the background of a graphic primitive is combined with the existing color of the graphics presentation space.
 * base device driver:An OS/2 device driver that performs I/O during the OS/2 kernel boot sequence to provide IPL support. Base device drivers are loaded by way of the CONFIG.SYS BASEDEV keyword, rather than the DEVICE keyword. See BASEDEV keyword, adapter device driver, and device manager.
 * BASEDEV keyword:New CONFIG.SYS keyword; loads a base device driver into the operating system.
 * Basic Input/Output System (BIOS):Code that controls basic hardware operations, such as interactions with diskette drives, hard disk drives, and the keyboard.
 * Bezier curve:A mathematical technique of specifying a smooth, continuous line or surface, requiring a starting point and an ending point, with several intermediate points that influence or control the path of the linking curve.
 * BIOS:Basic Input/Output System.
 * bit-block transfer (bitblt):Transfer of a rectangular array of bit-map data.
 * bitblt:Bit-block transfer.
 * bit map:A representation of an image by an array of bits.
 * block
 * 1) In programming languages, a compound statement that coincides with the scope of at least one of the declarations contained within it. A block may also specify storage allocation or segment programs for other purposes. (I)
 * 2) A string of data elements recorded or transmitted as a unit. The elements may be characters, words or physical records. (T)
 * 3) A collection of contiguous records recorded as a unit. Blocks are separated by interblock gaps and each block may contain one or more records. (A)
 * Bit block transfer (bitblt):The process of transferring one or more blocks of data.
 * border:A visual indicator of a window's boundaries.
 * BPB:BIOS Parameter Block.
 * breakpoint
 * 1) A point in a computer program where execution may be halted. A breakpoint is usually at the beginning of an instruction where halts, caused by external intervention, are convenient for resuming execution. (T)
 * 2) An instruction in a program for halting execution. Breakpoints are usually established at positions in a program where halts, caused by external intervention, are convenient for restarting. (T)
 * 3) A place in a program, specified by a command or a condition, where the system halts execution and gives control to the workstation user or to a specified program.
 * Bus Master adapter:An adapter capable of performing Reads and Writes to physical storage by communicating directly with the storage subsystem (memory) rather than depending on a host DMA channel or host CPU. Synonymous with first-party DMA adapter.

C

 * cached micro presentation space:A presentation space from a Presentation Manager owned store of micro presentation spaces. It can be used for drawing to a window only, and must be returned to the store when the task is complete.
 * CDB:Command Descriptor Block.
 * cell:See character cell.
 * character box
 * 1) An imaginary parallelogram on a display surface that contains all parts of one graphic character. Synonymous with bounding box. (T)
 * 2) The maximum area in which a symbol and all associated elements, such as a cursor, an underline, or space surrounding the symbol to separate it from other symbols, can be printed or displayed. Synonymous with character cell.
 * 3) The imaginary parallelogram whose boundaries govern the size, orientation, and spacing of individual characters to be displayed on a graphics display device.
 * character cell
 * 1) An addressable location on a display surface or printing medium.
 * 2) The physical width and height in pels of a font. See also bounding box.
 * 3) The imaginary box whose boundaries govern the size, orientation, and spacing of individual characters to be displayed on a workstation.
 * character mode:A mode that, in conjunction with the font type, determines the extent to which graphics characters are affected by the character box, shear, and angle attributes.
 * clipping:In computer graphics, removing those parts of display elements that lie outside of given boundary.
 * clip limits:The area of the paper that can be reached by a printer or plotter.
 * clipping path:A clipping boundary in world-coordinate space.
 * code page:An assignment of graphic characters and control function meanings to all code points; for example, assignment of characters and meanings to 256 code points for an 8-bit code, assignment of characters and meanings to 128 code points for a 7-bit code.
 * code point:A 1-byte code representing one of 256 potential characters.
 * code segment:An executable section of programming code within a load module.
 * color conversion:Changing one color format to another. Required, for example, when the source color format is different from the destination color format. When going from the monochrome color format to the color format, 1 (one) bits are converted to the image foreground color, and 0 (zero) bits are converted to the image background color.
 * When going from color to monochrome, all pels that match the passed background color are converted to the image background color of the destination.
 * All other pels are converted to the image foreground color of the destination. The color conversion takes place prior to any mix mode.


 * color dithering - See dithering.
 * command code:In this specification, refers to a group of related commands that an adapter device driver can receive.
 * All command codes have a prefix of "IOCC_". For example, common I/O requests (such as Read, Write, etc.) are grouped under the command code IOCC_EXECUTE_IO.


 * command data block:A data structure defined by the Small Computer System Interface standard to send commands to devices that conform to SCSI standards.
 * command descriptor block (CDB):The structure used to communicate commands from a source to a destination.
 * command modifier:In this specification, a specific operation that an adapter device driver is to perform.
 * All command modifiers have a prefix of "IOCM_". For example, an adapter device driver might receive an IOCC_EXECUTE_IO command with a command modifier of IOCM_READ.


 * compatibility kernel:The portion of the OS/2 kernel that exists to support DOS INT 20, 21, 25, 26, and 27 functions. It acts as an interface to common kernel functionality such as the file system.
 * CON:Character-device name reserved for the console keyboard and screen.
 * conditional compilation:Processing by the preprocessor of certain specified code in the file, depending on the evaluation of a specified condition.
 * context hook:Similar to a "force flag" in earlier versions of OS/2. These are events, signaled by a virtual device driver, that are processed at task time. Forcing an IRET, and simulating an NMI, can fall into this category.
 * control program:A computer program designed to schedule and to supervise the execution of programs of a computer system.
 * controller sector buffer:One or more buffers, managed by a hardware adapter, to improve I/O transfer rates by helping to match a device and software timing requirements.

D

 * DAC:Digital-to-Analog Converter.
 * DASD:Direct-Access Storage Device.
 * DASD geometry:The organization of direct-access devices, including the cylinder/head/sector layout, RBA capacity, and block size of the device.
 * data stripping:A technology for spreading to multiple disks the information that would normally be written to only one disk.
 * data structure:The syntactical structure of symbolic expressions, and their storage allocation characteristics.
 * DBCS:Double-Byte Character Set.
 * DC:Device Context
 * DDB:Device-Dependent Bit map.
 * default value:A value supplied by the program and used when no other value is explicitly specified by the user. For example, in the GPI, the default line type is "solid".
 * deinstantiation:See instantiation.
 * Desktop Manager:In the Presentation Manager, a window from which a user can start one or more listed programs.
 * desktop window:The window corresponding to the physical device against which all other types of windows are established.
 * DevHlp:Device helper.
 * device context:A logical description of a data destination such as memory, metafile, display, printer, or plotter. See also direct device context, information device context, memory device context, metafile device context, and screen device context.
 * device driver
 * 1) A program that enables the computer to communicate with a specific peripheral device, for example, a printer, a video disc player, or a CD-ROM drive.
 * 2) A code module written to the specifications of the OS/2 device drivers.
 * device driver initialization (init) time:See initialization (init) time, device driver.
 * device driver profile:A file with a "DDP" extension, containing a script that is interpreted by the OS/2 DDINSTAL utility. Among other things, it defines which files to copy from installation diskettes to target directories and specifies how the CONFIG.SYS file will be updated.
 * device helper (DevHlp)
 * 1) A kernel service (memory, hardware interrupt, software interrupt, queuing, semaphore, and so forth) provided to physical device drivers.
 * 2) A callable C-language or assembler-language routine that provides an operating system service for an OS/2 device driver.
 * Device Manager (DM):An OS/2 device driver that interfaces with other OS/2 device drivers, OS/2 installable file systems, or the OS/2 kernel, and converts requests to conform to this specification.
 * device object:A device that provides a means of communication between a computer and the outside world. A printer is an example of a device object.
 * device table:A data structure containing a summary of the adapters an adapter device driver supports and a list of the I/O devices attached to each adapter. This data structure is built by the adapter device driver in response to an IOCC_CONFIGURATION IOCM_GET_DEVICE_TABLE request.
 * dialog:The interchange of information between a computer and its user through a sequence of requests by the user and the presentation of responses by the computer.
 * dialog box:A type of window that contains one or more controls for the formatted display and entry of data. Also called a pop-up window. A modal dialog box is used to implement a pop-up window.
 * dialog box editor:A WYSIWYG editor that is used to create dialog boxes for communication with the user.
 * dialog item:A component (such as a menu or a push button) of a dialog box. Dialog items are also used to create templates.
 * dialog template:The definition of a dialog box, containing details of its placement, appearance, window ID, and the window IDs of all its child windows.
 * DIB:Device-Independent Bit map
 * Direct-Access Storage Device (DASD):A device in which data-access time is effectively independent of the location of the data in the storage medium.
 * direct manipulation:The use of the pointing device to move objects around on the screen, as in moving files and directories about in the File Manager.
 * Direct Memory Access (DMA)
 * 1) A technique for moving data directly between main storage and peripheral equipment without requiring processing of the data by the processing unit.
 * 2) The transfer of data between memory and input/output units without processor intervention.
 * directory:A type of file containing the names and controlling information for other files and (sub)directories.
 * Disk Operating System (DOS):An operating system for computer systems that uses disks and diskettes for auxiliary storage of programs and data.
 * dispatch table
 * 1) A block of memory, allocated by the graphics engine, for the containment of entry points for use by a display driver.
 * 2) An array of pointers to function-handling routines.
 * display point:Synonymous with pel.
 * dithering:A technique for interleaving dark and light pels so that the resulting image looks smoothly shaded from a distance.
 * DLL:Dynamic-Link Library.
 * DMA:Direct Memory Access.
 * DMA slave:An adapter that requires a host DMA channel to perform data transfers on its behalf. Also referred to as a second-party DMA adapter.
 * DOS:Disk Operating System.
 * DOS session:A session created by the operating system, that supports the independent processing of a DOS program.
 * DOS session breakpoint
 * 1) A mechanism to regain control from a DOS session; a V86 IRET frame is edited to point to an illegal V86 instruction, and the original CS:IP is saved in a table indexed by the address of the illegal instruction.
 * 2) A byte of memory visible in each DOS session containing an illegal instruction.
 * Double-Byte Character Set (DBCS):A set of characters in which each character is represented by two bytes. Languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean, which contain more characters than can be represented by 256 code points, require double-byte character sets. Since each character requires two bytes, the entering, displaying, and printing of DBCS characters requires hardware and software that can support DBCS.
 * DPMI:DOS Protect-Mode Interface.
 * drag:To move an object on the display screen as if the object were attached to the cursor.
 * driver:A program and possibly data files that contain information needed to run a particular unit, for example, a plotter, printer, port, or mouse.
 * drop:To release an object that was being dragged.
 * DSC:DiSplay Configuration.
 * DSP:DiSPlay.
 * DTL:Dialog Tag Language.
 * DTT:Display Test Tool.
 * Dynamic Link Library (DLL):A module containing a Dynamic Link Routine that is linked at load time or run time.
 * Dynamic Link Routine (DLR):A program or routine that can be loaded by a program or as part of an application.

T

 * text window:See VIO window.
 * thread:The smallest unit of operation to be performed within a process.
 * thunk:term used to describe the process of address conversion, stack, and structure realignment that is necessary when passing control between 16-bit and 32-bit modules.
 * thunk layer:An interface that converts 32-bit parameters to 16-bit parameters, and maps linear addresses to segmented addresses.
 * time slice
 * 1) The period of processing time allocated for running a program.
 * 2) An interval of time on the processing unit allocated for use in performing a task. After the interval has expired, processing unit time is allocated to another task, so a task cannot monopolize processing unit time beyond a fixed limit.
 * tuple:In a relational database, a part of a relation that uniquely describes an entity and its attribute.

U

 * unnamed pipe:A circular buffer created in memory; used by related processes to communicate with one another. Contrast with named pipe.

V

 * VBIOS:Virtual BIOS device driver
 * VCMOS:Virtual CMOS device driver
 * VDD:Virtual device driver
 * VDH:Virtual video Device Handler
 * VDM:Virtual DOS Machine; use DOS session.
 * VDMA:Virtual Direct Memory Access device driver
 * VDSK:Virtual hard DiSK device driver
 * video graphics adapter (VGA):A computer adapter that provides high-resolution graphics and a total of 256 colors.
 * VIO:Virtual Input/Output
 * VIRR:Virtual Interrupt Request Register
 * Virtual Device Driver (VDD):In the OS/2 operating system, a type of device driver used by DOS programs running in a DOS session to access devices, such as the screen or mouse, which must be shared with other processes in the system. The virtual device driver maps DOS device commands to the normal (physical) device driver under OS/2 2.0 and later versions of the operating system.
 * virtual DevHlp (VDH):Kernel (linear memory, paging, hardware interrupt, event control, port control) services provided to virtual device drivers.
 * virtual I/O (VIO):A facility that pages data into and out of external page storage.
 * virtual memory:Synonym for virtual storage.
 * Virtual Programmable Interrupt Controller:Virtualizes the 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC). A special virtual device driver, in that it provides services to other virtual device drivers.
 * virtual storage:Addressable space that is apparent to the user as the processor storage space, from which the instructions and the data are mapped into the processor storage locations. Synonymous with virtual memory.
 * visible region:A window's presentation space clipped to the boundary of the window and the boundaries of any overlying window.
 * VPIC:Virtual Programmable Interrupt Controller device driver.
 * VRAM:Video Random-Access Memory.
 * VTIMER:Virtual TIMER device driver.
 * V86 mode:Virtual 8086 mode of the 80386 CPU.

W

 * window coordinates:A set of coordinates by which a window position or size is defined; measured in device units, or pels.

X

 * XGA:eXtended Graphics Adapter

Z

 * Z-order:The order in which sibling windows are presented. The topmost sibling window obscures any portion of the siblings that it overlaps; the same effect occurs down through the order of lower sibling windows.
 * zoom:In graphics applications, to increase (zoom in) or decrease (zoom out) the size of picture.